✍️✍️✍️ Is The Great Gatsby A True Story
The pandemic will leave the is the great gatsby a true story further disadvantaged…. External link. Why not? It is so familiar that is the great gatsby a true story those who have is the great gatsby a true story read it believe that they have and take for is the great gatsby a true story that they know about its main character and theme of the American Dream. Is the great gatsby a true story sentences are laden with loss and longing. Nick lives in a small cottage in West Egg, The Strange Situation Essay to a mysterious tycoon named Gatsbywho regularly throws extravagant parties at his home.
The Great Gatsby The True Story of Gatsby's Life
He craved success as a writer because through it he believed he could win Zelda. His first novel, This Side of Paradise , was published on March 26, ; one week later, he and Zelda were married. Age twenty-four, Fitzgerald had obtained the object that had enchanted him. The assumption seems to be that Fitzgerald approved. The American Dream as aspiration and illusion had gained currency in the aftermath of World War II and from the surge in the economy that boosted consumption in the s.
Unemployment was low, inflation was low. When was this era? The American Dream was not widespread in the s, and it became even more restricted during the Great Depression decade. Adams — , born in Brooklyn, was an excellent student in high school and college, but he faltered in his graduate studies in philosophy and history and found little satisfaction in publishing and finance.
While living in New York with his father and sister, Adams began to devote his time and energy to the writing of history, based in primary sources, rendered in an appealing, accessible style. Adams based The Epic of America on his conviction that self-improvement and self-formation were the motive forces in American history. Adams maintains that there has always been:. It is a difficult dream for the European upper-classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it.
No, the American dream that has lured tens of millions of all nations to our shores in the past century has not been a dream of merely material plenty, though that has doubtless counted heavily. It has been much more than that. It has been a dream of being able to grow to fullest development as man and woman, unhampered by the barriers which had slowly been erected in older civilizations, unrepressed by social orders which had developed for the benefit of classes rather than for the simple human being of any and every class. And that dream has been realized more fully in actual life here than anywhere else, though very imperfectly even among ourselves.
It has been a magnificent epic and dream, Adams affirms. But he then asks, what about the American Dream at present and in the future? If the American dream is to come true and to abide with us, it will, at bottom, depend on the people themselves. If we are to achieve a richer and fuller life for all, they have got to know what such an achievement implies. In a modern industrial State, an economic base is essential for all.
The concern that Adams expresses is about income inequality—he saw it in the s, and again in the Great Depression decade. And after two years the Jazz Age seems as far away as the days before the War. It was borrowed time anyhow—the whole upper tenth of a nation living with the insouciance of grand dukes and the casualness of chorus girls. The upper tenth troubles Adams too, as he declares in a verdict that applies to the s, the s—and to where we are in the twenty-first century:.
There is no reason why wealth, which is a social product, should not be more equitably controlled and distributed in the interests of society. A system that steadily increases the gulf between the ordinary man and the super-rich, that permits the resources of society to be gathered into personal fortunes that afford their owners millions of income a year, with only the chance that here and there a few may be moved to confer some of their surplus upon the public in ways chosen wholly by themselves, is assuredly a wasteful and unjust system.
It is, perhaps, as inimical as anything could be to the American dream. Gatsby wanted money, an immense amount of it, which he procures by lawless means, so that he can capture Daisy, who represents for him privilege and status. It never occurs to Gatsby to consider whether Daisy, herself, wants to participate in his dream. He assumes that she does—and that she will immediately erase the fact that she has been and is married to Tom and is the mother of a child.
Gatsby is blinded by his dream, and by money and the potency he believes that it gives him. But for Gatsby this will not suffice. He will not allow Daisy to say that she once loved Tom but now loves him. He commands her to negate the person she was, a person with a past and a memory of it. The money that Gatsby has, and the magnitude of his hyperbolic purchases, should prove to her, so Gatsby presumes, that he loves her and that she should join him in the story-line of their lives than he has constructed. Gatsby does feel apprehension when Daisy seems not to be falling into exact conformity with his image of her, to which Nick replies:. He looked around him wildly, as if the past were lurking here in the shadow of his house, just out of reach of his hand.
Nick warns Gatsby about the impossibility of this ultimatum, this imposition on Daisy. His intention is not that at all. It is through money and rhetoric to obliterate the past, to write a new history on a blank page, as though the one there before had never existed. Why not? If you have the money, you can do anything. It is criminal to recreate another person in the coercive manner that Gatsby is committed to. His dream is to make it the way it was not: he hates his past, and his money is his guarantee that he can dispense with the person he was and invite—that is, order—Daisy to do the same.
His life had been confused and disordered since then, but if he could once return to a certain starting place and go over it all slowly, he could find out what that thing was Often it is difficult to know when Nick is giving us an accurate impression of Gatsby and when he is speculating about him. They stopped here and turned toward each other. Now it was a cool night with that mysterious excitement in it which comes at the two changes of the year. The quiet lights in the houses were humming out into the darkness and there was a stir and bustle among the stars. Out of the corner of his eye Gatsby saw that the blocks of the sidewalk really formed a ladder and mounted to a secret place above the trees—he could climb to it, if he climbed alone, and once there he could suck on the pap of life, gulp down the incomparable milk of wonder.
This is far beyond anything that Gatsby could articulate. In various unrevealed capacities he had come in contact with such people but always with indiscernible barbed wire between. It is oracular for Gatsby, who would take part in the Argonne offensive in France 66 , one of the deadliest battles in U. To pre-war Gatsby, Daisy is not only desirable but excitingly so: she arouses, stirs, stimulates him.
It amazed him—he had never been in such a beautiful house before. Later, Gatsby will insist that Daisy obliterate, wipe out , , her relationship with Tom. But at this initial stage, her value to Gatsby is increased because other young men have loved her. However glorious might be his future as Jay Gatsby, he was at present a penniless young man without a past, and at any moment the invisible cloak of his uniform might slip from his shoulders.
So he made the most of his time. He took what he could get, ravenously and unscrupulously—eventually he took Daisy one still October night, took her because he had no real right to touch her hand. Gatsby is pretending to Daisy to be someone he is not. In army uniform—another marvel, the cloak that is invisible—all of the officers are the same. Gatsby can represent himself to Daisy as better in status than he really is. Deceiving her, he is playing a role; he knows she does not know who he is—the offspring of shiftless, unsuccessful parents whom he has repudiated. Is this love? If it is, it is expressed as if it were theft, a trespass, an act of resentment, of hate and self-hatred.
Fitzgerald could have written the passage differently, or not included it at all. This is what he wanted. He feels married to her: it is hard to know what this means. For the main impression is one of coercion and grievance, of sexual violation. Gatsby desires Daisy. Or, should we say that he despises her? Gatsby knows that Daisy does not know who he is and would rebuff him if she did. His interaction with her has left him feeling cancelled out, null and void. Her porch was bright with the bought luxury of star-shine; the wicker of the settee squeaked fashionably as she turned toward him and he kissed her curious and lovely mouth. She had caught a cold and it made her voice huskier and more charming than ever and Gatsby was overwhelmingly aware of the youth and mystery that wealth imprisons and preserves, of the freshness of many clothes and of Daisy, gleaming like silver, safe and proud above the hot struggles of the poor.
Gatsby, objectifying Daisy, values her silvery presence for its distance from futile poverty where dreams never come true. She is preserved in her wealth; she is imprisoned too, but the implication is that Gatsby, by uniting himself to her, will liberate her along with himself. This is an impossible dream, as somewhere in his mind Gatsby is aware. Daisy is captivating but sullied in his eyes: he has tainted her by taking her. She thought I knew a lot because I knew different things from her What was the use of doing great things if I could have a better time telling her what I was going to do? Gatsby is acknowledging that, for him, the American Dream is better talked about than experienced: he could have done great things but what is even better is the prospect of telling Daisy that he will do them in the future.
It might be better for Gatsby never to do them, because if they were done, it would no longer be possible to talk about them, anticipate them, look forward to them. Gatsby may realize that if he did great things, these would not make him happy. Not doing them means not being disappointed. In the screenplay for his film adaptation of The Great Gatsby , , Baz Luhrmann revises the dialogue of this scene. A great mistake. I might still be a great man if I could only forget that I once lost Daisy. But my life, old sport, my life has got to be like this… He draws a slanting line from the lawn to the stars.
There is time for him to choose a different direction. Money is not everything and neither is Daisy, But Gatsby cannot make this choice: he cannot forget that he lost Daisy. Does he want to possess her because he desires her, or does he desire her because he lost her? Fitzgerald criticizes delusion and illusion, yet from first to final page, his craftsmanship, his adroit literary language, is subtle and sensitive. He pays tribute to the American Dream that he discredits, and we remain wedded to it.
In big cities and small towns; among men and women; young and old; black, white, and brown—Americans share a faith in simple dreams. A job with wages that can support a family. Health care that we can count on and afford. A retirement that is dignified and secure. Education and opportunity for our kids. Common hopes. American dreams. Americans are working harder for less and paying more for health care and college. We need to reclaim the American dream. The flip side of these trends at the top of the wealth ladder is the erosion of wealth among the middle class and the poor….
The growing indebtedness of most Americans is the main reason behind the erosion of the wealth share of the bottom 90 percent of families. Many middle class families own homes and have pensions, but too many of these families also have much higher mortgages to repay and much higher consumer credit and student loans to service than before. She has one qualification for this position: her parents. Trump : But if I get elected president I will bring it back bigger and better and stronger than ever before, and we will make America great again.
Donald Trump Jr. This means that nearly half of the nation owns no stock—no mutual funds, no retirement funds. We live in an age of astonishing inequality. Income and wealth disparities in the United States have risen to heights not seen since the Gilded Age and are among the highest in the developed world. Median wages for U. Fewer and fewer younger Americans can expect to do better than their parents. Racial disparities in wealth and well-being remain stubbornly persistent. In , life expectancy in the United States declined for the third year in a row, and the allocation of healthcare looks both inefficient and unfair. Advances in automation and digitization threaten even greater labor market disruptions in the years ahead.
Nevertheless, we dream on. Our country is now thriving, prospering and booming. And as long as you keep this team in place, we have a tremendous way to go. Our future has never ever looked brighter or sharper. This places their income for the year below the federal poverty level. Senator Bernie Sanders has spoken about the American Dream. In his campaign for the nomination, Sanders emphasized the crisis of income inequality, and he is emphasizing it even more. The son of Jewish immigrants, a member of a family that struggled to pay the bills, Sanders through hard work and education made it all the way to the U.
Moss, LA Progressive, March 30, On his campaign www-site, Joe Biden also presents himself as an embodiment of and proponent for the American Dream:. During my adolescent and college years, men and women were changing the country—Martin Luther King, Jr. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy—and I was swept up in their eloquence, their conviction, the sheer size of their improbable dreams…. America is an idea that goes back to our founding principle that all men are created equal. It gives hope to the most desperate people on Earth. So too does Senator Elizabeth Warren, and she has a proposal for reducing the inequality gap:.
Concord Monitor , November 13, Those at the top, the wealthiest Americans: they are the most alarmed critics of the Sanders and Warren positions and proposals. What makes America great is that this is a true land for the entrepreneur…. The twenty-six people at the top possess greater wealth than the 3. Governments must take steps to radically reduce the gap between the rich and the rest of society and prioritize the well-being of all citizens over unsustainable growth and profit. Economists have demonstrated that inequality is higher today than it has been since the s, the decade of The Great Gatsby. Here are the conclusions presented in recent studies of the American Dream:.
Absolute mobility has declined sharply in America over the past half-century primarily because of the growth in inequality. Socio-economic outcomes reflect socio-economic origins to an extent that is difficult to reconcile with talk of opportunity. Your circumstances at birth—specifically, what your parents do for a living—are an even bigger factor in how far you get in life than we have previously realized. Data show a slow, steady decline in the probability of moving up…. Millennials might be the first American generation to experience as much downward mobility as upward mobility. If Fitzgerald were alive, he would see that the inequality he had depicted in The Great Gatsby has widened, that it is not a gap, but an abyss.
But he is saying even more in it, and here we need to move through and beyond American themes and the statistics that bear witness to them. In them, Fitzgerald is simultaneously American and global, national and international; he is transhistorical, universal. In the completed first draft, these lines are not at the end but, rather, at the close of the first chapter. Fitzgerald made many revisions throughout his typed draft and page proofs.
But he made very few changes in these paragraphs. What he did, was to relocate them. He wanted them to be the conclusion even as he knew that their melancholy intensity would be present in the mood and atmosphere of his story from the start. The mansion is empty. Gatsby is dead and buried. Soon Nick will be leaving for the Midwest:. Most of the big shore places were closed now and there were hardly any lights except the shadowy, moving glow of a ferryboat across the Sound. These sentences are laden with loss and longing. But this is only one register of it, the tone of voice of the first-person narrator Nick. For them, according to Nick, it might have been the breath-taking prospect of a new beginning, an Eden rediscovered, and he seems to share in this reverie.
But Fitzgerald knows that history was more complicated then, and that much has transpired since. By July, his eighty-foot ship with its crew of sixteen had reached Nova Scotia and shortly thereafter he arrived at present-day Staten and Long Islands, and then travelled up the river that now bears his name. Hudson grasped that here were lucrative possibilities for commerce, for money-making, for profit, especially in the fur trade. Settlers began to arrive in —25; the first group consisted of thirty families. In , Peter Minuit, director of the colony, with a payment of blankets, kettles, and knives, secured an alliance or treaty with the neighboring Native Americans.
The Dutch settlement was small, some people, in the midst of tribes that were sometimes in conflict with one another. Relations between settlers and Native Americans were, at the outset, peaceful for the most part, but there was an attack on a Dutch fort at Albany, named Fort Orange, as early as Also in , a Dutch ship unloaded eleven slaves in New Amsterdam, and others were brought up the coast from the Caribbean. New Amsterdam was built by slave labor, and by , one-third of the population was African. Nick imagines Dutch seamen looking from the outside in , but Fitzgerald wants us also to be cognizant of the view from the inside out —Nick himself is on the shore, looking outward.
The enchantment, the awe, may have been thrilling for those on the outside who first experienced it, but in this novel filled with people of various races and ethnicities, Fitzgerald presents a history that these men aboard ship did not know, did not possess but would inaugurate and sustain through dispossession, enslavement, battle, and war. Fitzgerald calls attention to the deforestation of the land, the assault on it, the exploitation of it as it lay there ready to be taken. The other car, the one going toward New York, came to rest a hundred yards beyond, and its driver hurried back to where Myrtle Wilson, her life violently extinguished, knelt in the road and mingled her thick, dark blood with the dust.
Michaelis and this man reached her first but when they had torn open her shirtwaist still damp with perspiration, they saw that her left breast was swinging loose like a flap and there was no need to listen for the heart beneath. The mouth was wide open and ripped at the corners as though she had choked a little in giving up the tremendous vitality she had stored so long.
The Great Gatsby brims with violence. He had come a long way to this blue lawn and his dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him, somewhere back in that vast obscurity beyond the city, where the dark fields of the republic rolled on under the night. Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. And one fine morning——. When we read The Great Gatsby , we inevitably think as Fitzgerald wants us to about the American Dream—what it was and is, and whether, if we are losing this Dream, we might restore it in this twenty-first century riven by income inequality.
But when we really read The Great Gatsby , we realize that Fitzgerald has written both a great American novel and a great novel for the world. Fitzgerald compels all of his readers to reflect on what it means to be human, bodies ensnared by time, consumed by desires destined never to be fulfilled. The Great Gatsby is rooted in a time and place and nation: it is American through and through, and it is an essential guide to and diagnosis of the way we live now. But it is, furthermore, a literary work with an all-inclusive address that speaks to societies and cultures outside its American context. Fitzgerald has a message about life in America and a message about life itself. He believes that life for all persons is the pursuit of happiness, not the achievement of it.
Most of us have faith in, we yearn for, a future of maximum well-being—not just a good life, but one so good that it overcomes and redeems, or seems to, the inexorability of death. This is the dream we cannot reach, a satisfaction that cannot be measured, a happiness that eludes us. If only, somehow, we could get to it, we would know immortality. We tell ourselves that we need to try harder and desire more intensely.
Then it will come. There is no religious comfort or consolation. We beat on, striving, not finding contentment. This is the only choice we have: amid a finite existence, we seek persons and objects that beckon to us, that we are convinced represent desires and dreams uniquely our own. The Great Gatsby is superior by far to everything that Fitzgerald wrote before it, and nothing that he wrote after it, not Tender is the Night or The Love of the Last Tycoon , comes close to it. Everything that Fitzgerald had, everything that he was, is in this novel.
His self-destructive behavior, alcoholism, financial pressures, and the mental illness of his wife Zelda denied him the luminous career that his astonishing talent seemed to promise. He died of a heart attack in December , age forty-four. Having learned this in theory from the lives and conclusions of great men, you can get a hell of a lot more enjoyment out of whatever bright things come your way.
But what may be even more remarkable is that, translated into fifty languages worldwide , The Great Gatsby transcends its national origin and setting. Fitzgerald tells truths about the human condition, about desire, disappointment, and death. Really read, it is about the American Dream and much more. June : The pandemic that struck the United States and the world earlier this year has caused widespread illness and death, damaged the national and international economies, and created agonized uncertainty about the future. Many have painted a bleak picture. Alexis Crow, for example, an expert in economics and finance, has noted:. In the United States, the twinned health and economic crises resulting from coronavirus have laid bare several persistent issues in the socio-economic fabric of the country—and which also complicate the trajectory of sustainable growth for future generations.
These issues include fiscal sustainability and ballooning deficits; income inequality and the vast disparity in livelihoods across the income distribution; the hollowing out of the Mittelstand small and medium enterprises ; and the future of work and employment. Atlantic Council, May 15, The pandemic will leave the poor further disadvantaged…. The inequality gap between rich and poor has widened after previous epidemics—and Covid will be no different…. If past pandemics are any guide, the toll on poorer and vulnerable segments of society will be several times worse. Indeed, a recent poll of top economists found that the vast majority felt the Covid pandemic will worsen inequality, in part through its disproportionate impact on low-skilled workers.
World Economic Forum, May 18, The epidemiologist Sandro Galea, in his study of the national and international effects of coronavirus, has said:. The worldwide economic devastation from lockdown policies is sending millions into poverty — increasing their exposure to potential covid infection as well as to the deadly threat that comes simply from being poor. A central determinant of health is money—the ability to afford such basic resources as nutritious food, access to good medical care, safe housing, quality education, and the simple peace of mind that comes with having the means to weather sudden shocks…. Less money generally means shorter, sicker lives, as reflected by the approximately year gap in life expectancy between the richest and poorest Americans.
Washington Post , May 26, David N. Cicilline, a member of Congress from Rhode Island, links the sickness and mortality rates of Covid to income inequality, and to the deterioration of the American Dream:. The global pandemic has laid bare the economic fragility of millions of American families. In the last few decades, the American middle class has been hollowed out.
For millions of Americans living paycheck to paycheck, the American Dream—the ideal that in this country anything is possible, and everyone can achieve the security of a good life—is nearly unattainable. For decades, anyone taking a clear-eyed look into the economic well-being of our middle class would have seen the warning signs. But this public health crisis has uncovered an even deeper, more fundamental crisis for all to see. The United States is simply no longer the country of opportunity that we once were.
Boston Globe , May 22, In the midst of the pandemic, the nation also has been racked and torn apart by the death of George Floyd, an African-American killed by white police-officer Derek Chauvin three of his fellow officers assisted in the arrest in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on May 25th. Demonstrations and protests have taken place throughout the United States and abroad, with angry voices demanding action to bring an end to police brutality, systemic racism, poverty, income inequality, and the lack of equity in education and health care.
Many have spoken with extreme bitterness and indignation. Kari Winter, an American Studies scholar and Minneapolis-native, contends—and others have reiterated this indictment:. He had three immediate collaborators, but they are not alone in their guilt. Their behavior is enabled by the systemic rot of racism. Four hundred years of white supremacy have put the American dream of democracy on life support…. Freedom of the press? Cruel and unusual punishment? Right to be secure in your person and house against unreasonable search, seizure or murder? Smashed to smithereens. In The Great Gatsby , with brilliant perception and understanding, Fitzgerald examines and exposes the limitations of the American Dream. It might crack and come apart in the years ahead in ways that would shock but not surprise him.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. William E. During the drive home, Daisy hits Myrtle when Myrtle runs into the street. Believing that it was Gatsby who killed Myrtle, her husband, George, later goes to Gatsby's mansion and fatally shoots him as he relaxes in the swimming pool. Nick holds a funeral for Gatsby where he meets Gatsby's father. No one else attends the funeral. Afterward, Daisy and Tom continue with their lives as though nothing occurred. Nick breaks up with Jordan and moves back west, frustrated with eastern ways.
Jack Nicholson was offered the role of Jay Gatsby but he declined. Truman Capote was the original screenwriter but he was replaced by Francis Ford Coppola. Coppola had just finished directing The Godfather but was unsure of its commercial reception and he needed the money. Coppola "had read Gatsby but wasn't familiar with it. He later recalled:. I was shocked to find that there was almost no dialogue between Daisy and Gatsby in the book, and was terrified that I'd have to make it all up. So I did a quick review of Fitzgerald's short stories and, as many of them were similar in that they were about a poor boy and a rich girl, I helped myself to much of the authentic Fitzgerald dialogue from them.
I decided that perhaps an interesting idea would be to do one of those scenes that lovers typically have, where they finally get to be together after much longing, and have a "talk all night" scene, which I'd never seen in a film. So I did that — I think a six-page scene in which Daisy and Gatsby stay up all night and talk. And I remember my wife telling me that she and the kids were in New York when The Godfather opened, and it was a big hit and there were lines around the block at five theaters in the city, which was unheard of at the time. I said, "Yeah, yeah, but I've got to finish the Gatsby script. It had taken me two or three weeks to complete. On his commentary track for the DVD release of The Godfather , Coppola refers to writing the Gatsby script, adding "Not that the director paid any attention to it.
The script that I wrote did not get made. William Goldman , who loved the novel, said in that he actively campaigned for the job of adapting the script, but was astonished by the quality of Coppola's work:. I still believe it to be one of the great adaptations I called him [Coppola] and told him what a wonderful thing he had done. If you see the movie, you will find all this hard to believe The director who was hired, Jack Clayton, is a Brit Well, Clayton decided this: that Gatsby's parties were shabby and tacky, given by a man of no elevation and taste.
There went the ball game. As shot, they were foul and stupid and the people who attended them were foul and silly, and Robert Redford and Mia Farrow, who would have been so perfect as Gatsby and Daisy, were left hung out to dry. Because Gatsby was a tasteless fool and why should we care about their love? It was not as if Coppola's glory had been jettisoned entirely, though it was tampered with plenty; it was more that the reality and passions it depicted were gone. The film received mixed reviews, being praised for its faithful interpretation of the novel but also criticized for lacking any true emotion or feelings towards the Jazz Age. The critical consensus reads: " The Great Gatsby proves that even a pair of tremendously talented leads aren't always enough to guarantee a successful adaptation of classic literary source material.
Tennessee Williams , in his book Memoirs p. Vincent Canby 's review in The New York Times typifies the critical ambivalence: "The sets and costumes and most of the performances are exceptionally good, but the movie itself is as lifeless as a body that's been too long at the bottom of a swimming pool," Canby wrote at the time. The movie can't see this through all its giant closeups of pretty knees and dancing feet.
It's frivolous without being much fun. Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote: "In sum this picture is a total failure of every requisite sensibility. A long, slow, sickening bore. Variety ' s review was likewise split: "Paramount's third pass at The Great Gatsby is by far the most concerted attempt to probe the peculiar ethos of the Beautiful People of the s. Scott Fitzgerald novel. Robert Redford is excellent in the title role, the mysterious gentleman of humble origins and bootlegging connections The Francis Ford Coppola script and Jack Clayton's direction paint a savagely genteel portrait of an upper class generation that deserved in spades what it received circa and after. Roger Ebert gave the movie two and a half stars out of four. Comparing film to the book details, Ebert stated: "The sound track contains narration by Nick that is based pretty closely on his narration in the novel.
But we don't feel. We've been distanced by the movie's overproduction. Even the actors seem somewhat cowed by the occasion; an exception is Bruce Dern, who just goes ahead and gives us a convincing Tom Buchanan. The author's daughter, Scottie Fitzgerald Smith , who sold the film rights, had reread her father's novel and noted how Mia Farrow on-set looked the part as her father's Daisy and portrayed a "southern attitude" , while Robert Redford also asked advice to match the author's intent, but her father, she noted, was more in the narrator, Nick. Aldredge and Best Music Nelson Riddle. The male costumes were executed by Ralph Lauren , the female costumes by Barbara Matera.
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