⌛ Global Stratification Sociology
The Boston Globe. Zoepf, K. Global Stratification Sociology of Global Stratification Sociology. Work Cited "Global Stratification. The first subdivision that we can draw is that population is split in Katherine Patersons Lyddie Essay categories: Global Stratification Sociology rich and Global Stratification Sociology poor. You Global Stratification Sociology browse Global Stratification Sociology download Global Stratification Sociology books there.
Social Stratification: Crash Course Sociology #21
Table 9. The individual explanation is called modernization theory The view that global stratification results from a failure of poor nations to have the beliefs, values, and practices necessary for industrialization and rapid economic growth. McClelland, ; Rostow, McClelland, D. The achieving society. The stages of economic growth: A non-communist manifesto. These cultural traits include a willingness to work hard, to abandon tradition in favor of new ways of thinking and doing things, and to adopt a future orientation rather than one focused on maintaining present conditions.
Modernization theory has direct relevance for the experience of Western Europe. According to the theory, Western European nations began to emerge several centuries ago as economic powers because their populations adopted the kinds of values and practices just listed. The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism T. Parsons, Trans. New York, NY: Scribner. Original work published one of the founders of sociology, wrote that Western Europe was able to do this because the Protestant Reformation diminished the traditional distrust of the Catholic Church for material success and social and economic change.
According to modernization theory, poor nations are poor because their people never developed values such as an emphasis on hard work. According to modernization theory, nations in other parts of the world never became wealthy and remain poor today because they never developed the appropriate values and practices. Instead, they continued to follow traditional beliefs and practices that stymied industrial development and modernization. Modernization theory has much in common with the culture of poverty theory discussed in Chapter 8 "Social Stratification". Because modernization theory implies that people in poor nations do not have the talent and ability to improve their lot, it falls into the functionalist explanation of stratification.
As should be clear, modernization theory has direct implications for strategies to reduce global poverty. The theory implies that people in poor nations must learn the proper beliefs, values, and practices to succeed economically. If they do not do so, they will prevent themselves from profiting as fully as possible from the financial aid they get from wealthy nations, with much of this aid thereby being wasted. The structural explanation for global stratification is called dependency theory The view that global stratification results from colonization and exploitation of the poorest nations by the richest ones.
Packenham, R. The dependency movement: Scholarship and politics in development studies. According to this view, poor nations never got the chance to pursue economic growth because early on they were conquered and colonized by European ones. They installed their own governments and often prevented the local populace from getting a good education.
As a result, the colonized nations were unable to develop a professional and business class that would have enabled them to enter the industrial age and to otherwise develop their economies. Along the way, wealthy nations sold their own goods to colonized nations and forced them to run up enormous debt that continues to amount today. Because dependency theory implies that poor nations remain poor because of lack of opportunity owing to exploitation by wealthy nations, it falls into the conflict perspective on stratification. These corporations run sweatshops in many nations, in which workers toil in inhumane conditions at extremely low wages Sluiter, Sluiter, L. Clean clothes: A global movement to end sweatshops.
Often the corporations work hand-in-hand with corrupt officials in the poor nations to strengthen their economic stake in the countries. Lewis, P. The New York Times , p. Dependency theory also has direct implications for strategies to reduce global poverty. Very simply, the theory implies that wealthy nations and multinational corporations must stop exploiting the resources of poor nations. Until that happens, poor nations will be unable to develop their natural resources and to enter the industrial age. Some dependency theorists also say that poor nations should limit their importation of goods from wealthy nations, and that wealthy nations should even be forbidden from investing in poor nations.
Which makes more sense, modernization theory or dependency theory? Changes in these indicators would alert policymakers that something is affecting the population. No changes might tell people that, for example, a new financial assistance program for the poor is not working. The functionalist perspective is a macroanalytical view that focuses on the way that all aspects of society are integral to the continued health and viability of the whole.
A functionalist might focus on why we have global inequality and what social purposes it serves. This view might assert, for example, that we have global inequality because some nations are better than others at adapting to new technologies and profiting from a globalized economy, and that when core nation companies locate in peripheral nations, they expand the local economy and benefit the workers.
Conflict theory focuses on the creation and reproduction of inequality. A conflict theorist would likely address the systematic inequality created when core nations exploit the resources of peripheral nations. For example, how many U. Doing so allows them to maximize profits, but at what cost? The symbolic interaction perspective studies the day-to-day impact of global inequality, the meanings individuals attach to global stratification, and the subjective nature of poverty.
Someone applying this view to global inequality would probably focus on understanding the difference between what someone living in a core nation defines as poverty relative poverty, defined as being unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in your country and what someone living in a peripheral nation defines as poverty extreme poverty, defined as being barely able, or unable, to afford basic necessities, such as food. While stratification in the United States refers to the unequal distribution of resources among individuals, global stratification refers to this unequal distribution among nations.
There are two dimensions to this stratification: gaps between nations and gaps within nations. Fortunately, until the COVID pandemic impacted economies in , the extreme poverty rate had been on a year decline. In , While a positive, that 9. The same year, The table below makes the differences in poverty very clear. Most of us are accustomed to thinking of global stratification as economic inequality. Social inequality, however, is just as harmful as economic discrepancies. Prejudice and discrimination—whether against a certain race, ethnicity, religion, or the like—can create and aggravate conditions of economic equality, both within and between nations.
Think about the inequity that existed for decades within the nation of South Africa. Gender inequity is another global concern. Consider the controversy surrounding female genital mutilation. Western nations, however, decry the practice and are working to stop it. Inequalities based on sexual orientation and gender identity exist around the globe. According to Amnesty International, a number of crimes are committed against individuals who do not conform to traditional gender roles or sexual orientations however those are culturally defined.
From culturally sanctioned rape to state-sanctioned executions, the abuses are serious. These legalized and culturally accepted forms of prejudice and discrimination exist everywhere—from the United States to Somalia to Tibet—restricting the freedom of individuals and often putting their lives at risk Amnesty International Terms such as developing nonindustrialized and developed industrialized imply that unindustrialized countries are somehow inferior, and must improve to participate successfully in the global economy, a label indicating that all aspects of the economy cross national borders.
We must take care how we delineate different countries. Over time, terminology has shifted to make way for a more inclusive view of the world. Global classification methods are not only important in understanding economic differences among countries, but also in providing ways to classify countries and identify trends in other areas. The classifications discussed below will be used in other chapters, such as the chapter on health and medicine. Cold War terminology was developed during the Cold War era — Familiar and still used by many, it classifies countries into first world, second world, and third world nations based on their respective economic development and standards of living. When this nomenclature was developed, capitalistic democracies such as the United States and Japan were considered part of the first world.
The poorest, most undeveloped countries were referred to as the third world and included most of sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Asia. The second world was the in-between category: nations not as limited in development as the third world, but not as well off as the first world, having moderate economies and standard of living, such as China or Cuba. Later, sociologist Manual Castells added the term fourth world to refer to stigmatized minority groups that were denied a political voice all over the globe indigenous minority populations, prisoners, and the homeless, for example. Also during the Cold War, global inequality was described in terms of economic development.
Along with developing and developed nations, the terms less-developed nation and underdeveloped nation were used. This was the era when the idea of noblesse oblige first-world responsibility took root, suggesting that the so-termed developed nations should provide foreign aid to the less-developed and underdeveloped nations in order to raise their standard of living. Wallerstein conceived of the global economy as a complex system that supports an economic hierarchy that placed some nations in positions of power with numerous resources and other nations in a state of economic subordination. Those that were in a state of subordination faced significant obstacles to mobilization.
Class stratification enters in to an interpersonal relations. Home Page Research Global Stratification. Global Stratification Words 3 Pages. Global stratification generally has a negative reputation. Critics see outsourcing as impacting both domestic and foreign countries in a negative way. Domestic economics falters since business is transferred to outside sources, therefore local employment suffers, prices may rise, and people may lose their jobs. Developing countries experience global stratification where, even though the imported business upgrades social conditions, social demarcation and hierarchy occurs where the labor class is exploited by newly formed elite.
Nike's vice-president, however, sees outsourcing as beneficial to both local and foreign enterprise. The following essay is an analysis of both perspectives. The United States loses about , jobs a year due to outsourcing and new jobs are not crated that frequently or rapidly, therefore local unemployment rises. At the same time, the US also loses skills due to outsourcing. Developing countries also experience global stratification where, even though the imported business upgrades social conditions, social demarcation and hierarchy occurs where the labor class is exploited by newly formed elite. This is called "Global stratification".
Consequences may be disastrous not only for the country. Get Access. Read More. Global Stratification Chapter 9 Words 2 Pages In chapter nine of the class textbook, it mentions an important term called Global Stratification. Pathologies Of Power Summary Words 2 Pages Farmer has recounted evidences of global inequality and revealed the extent of exploitation of the poor.
Global Stratification Sociology these Global Stratification Sociology, girls and women have died at far greater numbers than men Global Stratification Sociology of abuse, murder, and lack Global Stratification Sociology health care, only because they are female. Global Stratification Sociology efforts to reduce teenage pregnancies. We learn several Global Stratification Sociology from this news story Global Stratification Sociology India: The Third Dumpster Character Analysis Global Stratification Sociology and hunger are rampant; b although India apparently Global Stratification Sociology enough food to Global Stratification Sociology feed its people, inadequate distribution and political corruption help Global Stratification Sociology food from the Global Stratification Sociology of the hungry; c women Global Stratification Sociology children bear the Global Stratification Sociology of poverty Global Stratification Sociology hunger; and, finally, d if India is far from the poorest nation and so many Global Stratification Sociology are Global Stratification Sociology hungry, conditions in Global Stratification Sociology nations must be almost unimaginable.