✎✎✎ Ah Q Self Deception
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Self-Deception - Part 1
One of the Ah Q's personality traits is that, no matter what happens, Ah Q always makes an excuse to get out of a tight spot. For instance, in Chapter 3 of the book, the author writes that after the fight Ah Q uses his "precious 'ability to forget'", which shows that he does not have enough courage to deal with his emotions and, instead, uses this "ability" just to satisfy himself. A strong character trait of Ah Q is his limited focus on himself and his own outlook.
In result, Ah Q's actions are strange and at times offend others. However, this does not bother Ah Q because he neither notices nor cares because he is strictly focused on his own needs and desires. The narrator of the story states that he wishes to author a biography for the titular character, Ah Q. Ironically, the narrator then mentions that several difficulties of why writing about Ah Q is not easy: the title of this book, the surname of Ah Q, the true personal name of Ah Q and his place of birth.
The narrator speculates that Ah Q's surname might have been "Zhao," recounting a story of him being beaten by Mr. Zhao, a rich and famous senior villager, because he claimed that his surname was Zhao and thus is related to the Zhao family. In Chapter 2 the narrator elaborates further on Ah Q's character, place in society and his daily routine. Ah Q's peers view him in a very low regard, due to his insignificant background.
With no family, no regular employment and eccentric character, Ah Q is often the laughing stock and victim of bullying by the townsfolk. However, Ah Q has a high opinion of himself and looks down on others regardless of their income or status. The chapter also gives the readers more in-depth imagery on Ah Q's unfortunate physical appearance. Specifically, the ringworm scar on his scalp that turns red when he is angry. This scar is a factor in him being ridiculed by the people around him.
Ah Q's response differed based on his opponents. He would usually physically or verbally retaliate against the weak, but resorts to denial or self-belittlement against those better than him, and achieves some small emotional satisfaction through his actions. Ah Q being slapped in the face by Mr. Zhao making him famous for he has prospered for a long time, as some townsfolk speculate on whether he is truly related to the Zhao family. One day, Ah Q finds Whiskers Wang, another tramp, and sits down next to him with no fear. Due to the lack of two Whiskers beard , Ah Q feels jealous of Wang and provokes him into a fight. Wang wins and leaves with satisfaction after giving Ah Q a shove to the wall. Later, Ah Q sees Mr.
Qian's eldest son, whom Ah Q hates a lot. Qian's son beats him with a walking stick. Ah Q soon forgets everything that has just happened and goes to the alcohol shop. Soon after, when he sees a young nun on the streets, Ah Q claims all the bad luck that has just happened is because of her. Ah Q harasses the nun publicly and she leaves crying and cursing Ah Q. However, the other bystanders in the shop just laugh at her for amusement. After picking on a nun, Ah Q is victorious and feels as though he is flying right into the Tutelary God's Temple. The words from the nun weigh on his mind: "Ah Q, may you die son-less! Ah Q rushes towards Mr. Zhao's maidservant, Amah Wu, and shouts "Sleep with me!
Zhao's maidservant and makes Ah Q agree to five terms. After the Zhao family fiasco, Ah Q notices unusualness when walking through the streets of Weichuang. Women have become shy and take refuge indoors while wine shops refused service to him. What worries him is the fact that no household wants to hire him anymore, cutting Ah Q off from any source of income to support his livelihood. To the delight of onlookers, the enraged Ah Q rushes to fight Young D which ends in a tie.
Almost starving, Ah Q returns to the streets and comes across the Convent of Quiet Self-improvement, finding a field containing a patch of turnips. Ah Q decides to steal the turnips until a nun notices him and lets loose her black dog on him. Ah Q runs and is able to escape with some turnips. Ah Q does not come back to Weichuang until after the Moon Festival. The custom in Weichuang is "that when there seem[s] to be something unusual about anyone, he should be treated with respect rather than insolence. Later on, everyone wants to get their hands on Ah Q's silk shirts only to find out that he has run out of them and had been a petty thief. One day, the news of the Xinhai Revolution comes. The landlord families become the revolutionaries to maintain their power.
When Ah Q realizes that everyone fears the revolutionaries, he decides to be one of them and imagines exploiting rich families in town and ruling over the locals. A group of self-claimed revolutionaries rob the houses of the locals and rich families, and Ah Q is never called to join them. When Ah Q approaches the landlord rebels to express that he wants to join the rebels, he is refused from joining the rebellion. Ah Q becomes bitter that he cannot share the robbed goods and the prestige they enjoy. After the Zhao family is robbed, Ah Q is dragged into town in the middle of the night, being carried to a yamen where he is pushed into a room. Even before his death, he still preserves his self-absorbed and petty personality; he tries and fails to make his execution more impressive by reciting verses from some Chinese operas, but fails to find the right words.
Ah Q has a literary metaphor of national character of his time. Ah Q became a recognizable symbol that expanded the intellectual discourse of national character into the popular consciousness. The story of Ah Q weaves together nationalism, modern Chinese literature and modern Chinese history. It describes a narcissistic individual who rationalizes every single actual failure he faces as a psychological triumph "spiritual victory". Zhao, entered contemporary Chinese language. When "Ah Q" was first published, the story became very popular.
Many Chinese people wondered if Ah Q was based on a real person, partly because at the time few people knew the true identity of the book's author. Gao Yihan said that some individuals believed that Ah Q was based on their own lives. In Zheng Zhenduo stated his belief that Lu Xun had finished the story too quickly. In literary terms questioned why Ah Q would die in such a casual manner after the story had already determined that being a revolutionary was already not satisfactory. To my mind, as long as there was no revolution in China, Ah Q would not turn revolutionary; but once there was one, he would. This was the only fate possible for my Ah Q, and I would not say that he has a dual personality.
The first year of the Republic has gone, never to return; but the next time there are reforms, I believe there will be revolutionaries like Ah Q. I only wish that, as people say, I had written about a period in the past, but I fear what I saw was not the past but the future — even as much as from twenty to thirty years from now. Gloria Davies, the author of "The Problematic Modernity of Ah Q," said that many Marxist critics criticized "Ah Q" because the betrayal of the Communists after the Northern Expedition "bore a dangerous resemblance to Ah Q's fate in front of the firing squad.
It is not uncommon for patients to spend large amounts of time viewing pornography or cruising also called mongering for sexual gratification. Financial losses can mount quickly, and patients can accumulate several thousands of dollars of debt in a short amount of time. In addition, there is a long list of legal consequences, including arrest for solicitation and engaging in paraphilic acts that are illegal. One look at recent news headlines will likely reveal several stories focusing on illegal sexual activities or behaviors that jeopardize someone's livelihood or wellbeing.
The psychological consequences are numerous. Effects on the family and interpersonal relationships can be profound. Compulsive sexual behaviors can establish unhealthy and unrealistic expectations of what a satisfying sexual relationship should be. At the same time, the deception, secrecy, and violations of trust that occur with compulsive sexual behaviors may shatter intimacy and personal connections. The result is a warped view of intimacy that often leads to separation and divorce and, in turn, puts any future healthy relationship in doubt. Finally, the shame and guilt that those with compulsive sexual behaviors experience is different from those with other addictive disorders. There are no substances of abuse to explain seemingly irrational behaviors.
The stigma of not being able to control sexual impulses carries with it a connotation of depravity and moral selfishness. As a result, access to care and seeking care, even when one recognizes that sexual behaviors are out of control, is a decision faced with barriers and limitations. There have been no national studies documenting the past-year or lifetime prevalence of compulsive sexual behaviors in the general population. Regional and local surveys suggest that approximately five percent of the general population may meet criteria for a compulsive sexual disorder using criteria that are similar to substance use disorders.
One of the reasons why reliable epidemiological data are lacking is the inconsistency in defining criteria for compulsive sexual behaviors, lack of funding, and the lack of researchers committed to documenting the extent of this problem. Most of what is known about the epidemiological nature of this disorder comes from clinical treatment programs that focus on sexual addictions. Men appear to outnumber women with compulsive sexual behaviors. As with impulse control and substance use disorders, no single biological cause has yet been identified to explain the origins and maintenance of compulsive sexual behaviors.
Neuroscience research, which would be an excellent approach to understand basic brain differences between those with and without compulsive sexual behaviors, has rarely been applied to this population. In particular, neuroimaging studies in patients with compulsive sexual behaviors would be interesting to compare with those involved in substance abuse and other behavioral addictions. To date though, most of the neuroimaging work has been done with nonclinical populations and has examined the biology of sexual arousal in healthy subjects. Hypersexual behaviors have been reported in patients with frontal lobe lesion, tumors, and in those with neurological conditions that involve temporal lobes and midbrain areas such as seizure disorders, Huntington's disease, and dementia.
Neurotransmitter studies in compulsive sexual behaviors have focused on the monoamines, namely serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Normal sexual functioning involves all of these monoamines as evidenced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SSRI -induced sexual dysfunction and the increased sexuality observed among those on stimulants. Cases of hypersexual behavior have also been shown to be induced by medications for Parkinson's disease, implicating dopamine systems in compulsive sexual behaviors.
In addition to neurotransmitters, the sex hormones are obviously a critical component to sexual functioning. Testosterone levels have been correlated to sexual functioning but curiously, levels do not necessarily correlate to libido and sexual desires. It may be that regions of reward and pleasure are modulated by these hormones through facilitating or enhancing the response to sex and the desire for sex. There are existing screening instruments, which are only as valid as the responder's honesty and integrity.
Although this is true of all psychiatric screening instruments, revealing sexual practices is probably the most humbling because of its private nature. Questions about time spent on sexual activities and impact of functioning are important clinically, but also rely on self-report. Patrick Carnes, one of the pioneers in the field of compulsive sexual behavior research, developed the Sexual Addiction Screening Test, which is a item, self-report symptom checklist that can be used to identify those at risk to develop compulsive sexual behaviors. Kafka has suggested a behavioral screening test i. Various types of psychosocial treatments are available for individuals suffering from compulsive sexual behaviors.
There is almost no data evaluating their efficacy or effectiveness. Nevertheless, participation in these groups is usually recommended because they provide a place for fellowship, support, structure, and accountability, and they are free of charge. Inpatient and intensive outpatient treatment programs for compulsive sexual behaviors usually focus on helping to identify core triggers and beliefs about sexual addiction and to develop healthier choices and coping skills to minimize urges and deal with the preoccupation of sexual addiction. Individual psychotherapy for compulsive sexual behaviors is varied but the two most common approaches are cognitive behavioral therapy CBT and psychodynamic psychotherapy.
CBT in compulsive sexual behaviors borrows greatly from treatment with substance use disorders, focuses on identifying triggers to sexual behaviors and reshaping cognitive distortions about sexual behaviors e. Psychodynamic psychotherapy in compulsive sexual behaviors explores the core conflicts that drive dysfunctional sexual expression. Themes of shame, avoidance, anger, and impaired self-esteem and efficacy are common. Other forms of therapy may helpful, as well.
As for the assessment of treatment outcome, one of the unique difficulties in compulsive sexual behavior is determining when a patient has relapsed. Since there are no biological tests to indicate relapse, collateral history and functioning within the patient's significant relationship tends to be the most reliable markers. Despite the availability of psychosocial treatments, there are little data documenting treatment outcomes, success rates, predictors of treatment outcome. While preliminary case reports and open-label trials that have been conducted, no known randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trials have been published. The rationales for these drugs are based on clinical phenomenology and symptoms seen in other disorders, such as substance use or obsessive compulsive disorders.
SSRIs have been tried for both paraphilic and non-paraphilic compulsive sexual behaviors through both case series and open-label studies. Attempting to use SSRIs to create sexual dysfunction through their side effect profile and thus to reduce compulsive sexual behaviors does not appear to be effective. Clinical experience suggests that patients who respond best to SSRIs have co-occurring psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, or obsessive compulsive disorders.
Those who do not have sexual dysfunction from SSRIs have the best treatment response. In addition to SSRIs, naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, has been evaluated in the treatment of compulsive sexual behaviors. Grant describes a case report of co-occurring kleptomania and compulsive sexual behaviors treated successfully with naltrexone after treatment failure with SSRIs and psychotherapy.
In an open-label trial of naltrexone with adolescent sexual offenders, 15 out of 21 patients noted reductions in sexual impulses and arousal. Mood stabilizers, such as valproic acid and lithium, appear promising in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder and compulsive sexual behaviors. Other medications, such as topiramate and nefazadone, have also been tried, but further replication is needed to determine their effectiveness. In the treatment of paraphilic compulsive sexual behaviors, some pharmacotherapy strategies have focused on altering or attenuating sexual hormone function.
There are no known double-blind, randomized studies of anti-androgenic agents in the treatment of non-paraphilic compulsive sexual behaviors. However, case reports and open label studies suggest these may be effective treatments. Once the medications are stopped, testosterone levels will return to normal levels. This treatment approach has not been utilized in the non-paraphilic sexual behaviors. We have much to learn about compulsive sexual behaviors, particularly their neurobiological roots, psychological risk factors, and the impact of societal values on their emergence. For now, compulsive sexual behaviors are the extreme end of a wide range of sexual experience. These behaviors can present in a variety of manners and undoubtedly have many different subtypes, severities, and clinical courses.
Clinicians can enhance the identification and treatment of these disorders by implementing formal screening practices, becoming familiar with the warning signs, and knowing which types of patients are vulnerable. In time, research will begin to uncover the different subtypes of compulsive sexual behaviors as well as determine which treatment and prevention practices work the best. Currently, since there are no guidelines from which clinicians can work, we are left to review the work of those who specialize in the treatment of compulsive sexual behaviors.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Psychiatry Edgmont v. Psychiatry Edgmont. Timothy W. Fong , MD. Fong Dr. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Fong, Dr. Corresponding author. Fong, MD, Westwood Ave. Copyright notice. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Compulsive sexual behavior, otherwise known as sexual addiction, is an emerging psychiatric disorder that has significant medical and psychiatric consequences.
Keywords: Compulsive sexual behaviors, sexual addiction. Introduction Sexuality in the United States has never been more socially acceptable. Clinical Features Compulsive sexual behaviors can present in a variety of forms and degrees of severity, much like that of substance use disorders, mood disorders, or impulse-control disorders. Epidemiology There have been no national studies documenting the past-year or lifetime prevalence of compulsive sexual behaviors in the general population.
Etiology As with impulse control and substance use disorders, no single biological cause has yet been identified to explain the origins and maintenance of compulsive sexual behaviors. Clinical Assessment Measures There are existing screening instruments, which are only as valid as the responder's honesty and integrity. Treatment: Psychosocial Various types of psychosocial treatments are available for individuals suffering from compulsive sexual behaviors. Conclusions and Future Directions We have much to learn about compulsive sexual behaviors, particularly their neurobiological roots, psychological risk factors, and the impact of societal values on their emergence.
References 1. Carnes P, Schneider JP. Recognition and management of addictive sexual disorders: Guide for the primary care clinician. Lippincotts Prim Care Pract. Hypersexual disorder and preoccupation with internet pornography. Am J Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition. Sexual addiction: Many conceptions, minimal data. Clin Psychol Rev. Weintraub D, Potenza MN. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease.
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. Compulsive sexual behavior characteristics. Assessment and treatment of compulsive sexual behavior. Minn Med. Characteristics of 36 subjects reporting compulsive sexual behavior. Clinical Manual of Impulse-Control Disorders. Schneider JP. How to recognize the signs of sexual addiction. Asking the right questions may uncover serious problems. Postgrad Med. Carnes P. Sexual addiction screening test. Tenn Nurse. Kafka M. Hypersexual desire in males: An operational definition and clinical implications for males with paraphilias and paraphilia-related disorders. Arch Sex Behav. Bradford JM. The paraphilias, obsessive compulsive spectrum disorder, and the treatment of sexually deviant behaviour. Psychiatr Q.
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